fish processing vessel in the Uk ; A fish processing vessel being towed off the coast of Cornwall is still on fire – six days after the blaze broke out. The Athena was carrying over 350,000 cardboard boxes as well as heavy fuel oil and other flammable substances, officials revealed yesterday.
Flames tore through it's processing area and 98 of the 111-strong crew were rescued by a passing container ship and are being looked after in Falmouth. The blaze was a major headache for Cornwall Fire & Rescue Service, with 12 firefighters forced to abandon ship on Thursday night after breathing in deadly carbon monoxide fumes and ammonia gas.
o-one was hurt in the fire, which is believed to have started in a store. The Faroes-registered Athena caught fire about 230 miles (370km) south west of the Isles of Scilly.
It is being towed by a Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) tug, the Anglian Earl, five miles off of Falmouth.
Five members of Dutch salvage firm Smit are on board containing the blaze with fire retardant foam and will then assess whether it is safe to bring the ship in to berth at the port. Mark Clarke of the MCA said the current situation was "the least worst option."
"Salvage contractors are onboard the vessel but the fire is still going," he said. "These things can carry on for a long time because of the area involved and the cargo. "We have to make sure the Athena is stable before she comes in to the port. The risk of doing that has so far been deemed greater than leaving her in the current situation. "There is heavy and medium fuel oil in the bunker tanks but they are thankfully not on fire." The male and female crew included Chinese, Russians, Peruvians and Scandinavians.
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Minggu, 28 November 2010
indonesia shrimp company production
indonesia shrimp company production ; In Indonesia traditional shrimp farming in fresh water ponds (‘tambak’) originated more than 2000 years ago on the North shore of East Java (Raja Siregar, 2009). Nowadays, shrimp is Indonesia’s largest fishery export. In 2004, shrimp represented 15 percent of all Indonesian fishery exports by volume and 50 percent by value (DPK, 2005). By contrast, tuna (the second most important fishery export) represented 14 percent by volume and 13 percent by value. The fisheries sector is responsible for about 2.9 percent of Indonesia’s GDP (DKP, 2005a).
The total shrimp production in 2008 was 630,000 tons of which 410,000 tons aquaculture (Indonesian Fisheries Federation, 2009). The value of the latter equals more than US$ 1.5 billion (est.). For comparison: the aquaculture shrimp production in 2003 was only 179,000 tons (DKP, 2005).
The recent increase in aquaculture shrimp production is to a large extent because of restarting in 2006 of the operations at two huge shrimp farms of PT Dipasena Citra Darmaja in Lampung, Sumatra. Currently these farms are part of the CP Group (see below). With a land concession reported at 180,000 hectares, Dipasena has the potential for becoming the largest shrimp farm in the world. Dipasena has been virtually idle following the financial crisis in Southeast Asia in 1998, which led to its takeover by the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA). In 2005, the company was restructured and a new investor, Renaissance Capital Asia, injected $281 million into the farm (AquaCulture Asia Pacific, 2006).
Within Indonesia, shrimp production is concentrated in Lampung (Sumatra), Surabaya (East Java) and Banten (West Java). The majority of shrimp farms in North Sumatra have been faded away in 2004 due to the tsunami.
The total shrimp production in 2008 was 630,000 tons of which 410,000 tons aquaculture (Indonesian Fisheries Federation, 2009). The value of the latter equals more than US$ 1.5 billion (est.). For comparison: the aquaculture shrimp production in 2003 was only 179,000 tons (DKP, 2005).
The recent increase in aquaculture shrimp production is to a large extent because of restarting in 2006 of the operations at two huge shrimp farms of PT Dipasena Citra Darmaja in Lampung, Sumatra. Currently these farms are part of the CP Group (see below). With a land concession reported at 180,000 hectares, Dipasena has the potential for becoming the largest shrimp farm in the world. Dipasena has been virtually idle following the financial crisis in Southeast Asia in 1998, which led to its takeover by the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA). In 2005, the company was restructured and a new investor, Renaissance Capital Asia, injected $281 million into the farm (AquaCulture Asia Pacific, 2006).
Within Indonesia, shrimp production is concentrated in Lampung (Sumatra), Surabaya (East Java) and Banten (West Java). The majority of shrimp farms in North Sumatra have been faded away in 2004 due to the tsunami.
Jumat, 26 November 2010
Pond Fish Culture Principles
Pond Fish Culture Principles ;
1. Fish are dependent for food directly or indirectly on plants.
2. The weight of fish which can be produced in natural waters is dependent upon the ability of the water to raise the plants. We could increase production by adding plant organic matter produced elsewhere.
3. The ability of water to produce plants is dependent upon sunshine, temperature, CO2, Mineral from soil or rocks, nitrogen (NO3- and NH4-) , O2 and water.
4. The Natural fertility of the water is dependent on the fertility of the soil in pond bottom and watershed.
5. Fertlity of water can be increased by adding inorganic fertilizers.
6. After adding all essential minerals and all available nitrogen, the next limiting factor is CO2. This compound can be increased by adding organic matter followed by liming (Ca, Mg).
7. The next limiting factor in fish production, after mineral and CO2 are provided, is oxygen demand of all living and dead organisms in the water. This can be supplied by running water rich in oxygen or pumping water from the bottom and aerate it. If oxygen in the water falls below 1.0 ppm, fish die. One ppm oxygen is enough for fish in resting condition, but for active fish, 3.0 ppm is needed.
8. Microscopic plants (planktonic algae) are the principal food producing plants for fishes.
9. Microscopic plants are the most desirable, because : (a) short life cycle, (b) mobility, (c) more nutritious, and (d) small size.
10. Rooted plants are less desirable, because: (a) long life, (b) immobility, (c) less nutritious, (d) large size, and (e) shading effect.
11. a. The more fertile the water the heavier the plankton concetration becomes, the more shallow becomes light penetration and photosynthesis. b. Heavy plankton concetration in top water causes shallow stratification and low oxygen or none in deeper water. Strong wind, or heavy cold rain causes overtum, causing trouble to the fish. Water with no oxygen spread too fast and could kill the fish. Heavy plankton can be killed by the use of CuSO4. Light can penetrate deeper, so does the production of oxygen. c. the deeper the fertile lake or pond (heavy plankton) the higher the precentage of the total volume of water deficient of oxygen during period of stratification.
12. Rooted plants are desitable, in part, in waters of low fertility, because : (1) Oxygenate deep water as far down and light penetrates, (2) draw nutrients from pond bottom soil, (3) prevent marginal erosion, (4) provide surface for food organisms, and (5) provide food for fish derectly or indirectly.
13. The longer the food chain from plant to fish the lower the production of fish obtained. The conversion rate from: Plant to fish = 5 – 10 Plant to insect = 5 – 10 Insect to fish = 3 – 10 fish to fish = 2 – 5
14. At a given level of fertility the fish production is constant for a particular species and a certain rate of stocking. The total pound/acre is dependent upon the number of fish present and the size harvested. Small fish produce high number of lbs/acre, and large ones produce small number of lbs/acre.
15. For short period of time we can regulate number ( and final size) by the number stocked. This can be done by frequent draining before the fish are old enough to spawn. For non spawner there would be no difficulity. Mortality rate can be up to 20 percent a year.
16. For long period of time the number of fish and sizes must be controlled by biological methods such as: 1. Repression - prevents reproduction, e.g. carp. 2. Predation - method of controlling the number of young fish. 3. Starvation - this could lead to weakning of fish, thus vulnerable to disease and parasites. 4. Limited spawing area
1. Fish are dependent for food directly or indirectly on plants.
2. The weight of fish which can be produced in natural waters is dependent upon the ability of the water to raise the plants. We could increase production by adding plant organic matter produced elsewhere.
3. The ability of water to produce plants is dependent upon sunshine, temperature, CO2, Mineral from soil or rocks, nitrogen (NO3- and NH4-) , O2 and water.
4. The Natural fertility of the water is dependent on the fertility of the soil in pond bottom and watershed.
5. Fertlity of water can be increased by adding inorganic fertilizers.
6. After adding all essential minerals and all available nitrogen, the next limiting factor is CO2. This compound can be increased by adding organic matter followed by liming (Ca, Mg).
7. The next limiting factor in fish production, after mineral and CO2 are provided, is oxygen demand of all living and dead organisms in the water. This can be supplied by running water rich in oxygen or pumping water from the bottom and aerate it. If oxygen in the water falls below 1.0 ppm, fish die. One ppm oxygen is enough for fish in resting condition, but for active fish, 3.0 ppm is needed.
8. Microscopic plants (planktonic algae) are the principal food producing plants for fishes.
9. Microscopic plants are the most desirable, because : (a) short life cycle, (b) mobility, (c) more nutritious, and (d) small size.
10. Rooted plants are less desirable, because: (a) long life, (b) immobility, (c) less nutritious, (d) large size, and (e) shading effect.
11. a. The more fertile the water the heavier the plankton concetration becomes, the more shallow becomes light penetration and photosynthesis. b. Heavy plankton concetration in top water causes shallow stratification and low oxygen or none in deeper water. Strong wind, or heavy cold rain causes overtum, causing trouble to the fish. Water with no oxygen spread too fast and could kill the fish. Heavy plankton can be killed by the use of CuSO4. Light can penetrate deeper, so does the production of oxygen. c. the deeper the fertile lake or pond (heavy plankton) the higher the precentage of the total volume of water deficient of oxygen during period of stratification.
12. Rooted plants are desitable, in part, in waters of low fertility, because : (1) Oxygenate deep water as far down and light penetrates, (2) draw nutrients from pond bottom soil, (3) prevent marginal erosion, (4) provide surface for food organisms, and (5) provide food for fish derectly or indirectly.
13. The longer the food chain from plant to fish the lower the production of fish obtained. The conversion rate from: Plant to fish = 5 – 10 Plant to insect = 5 – 10 Insect to fish = 3 – 10 fish to fish = 2 – 5
14. At a given level of fertility the fish production is constant for a particular species and a certain rate of stocking. The total pound/acre is dependent upon the number of fish present and the size harvested. Small fish produce high number of lbs/acre, and large ones produce small number of lbs/acre.
15. For short period of time we can regulate number ( and final size) by the number stocked. This can be done by frequent draining before the fish are old enough to spawn. For non spawner there would be no difficulity. Mortality rate can be up to 20 percent a year.
16. For long period of time the number of fish and sizes must be controlled by biological methods such as: 1. Repression - prevents reproduction, e.g. carp. 2. Predation - method of controlling the number of young fish. 3. Starvation - this could lead to weakning of fish, thus vulnerable to disease and parasites. 4. Limited spawing area
Rabu, 17 November 2010
predictive dynamic model of Indonesian live reef fish for food
Pakar Iklan predictive dynamic model of Indonesian live reef fish for food : Fishing for live reef fi sh has been an important source of income for millions of fi shers in Indonesia. Live reef fi sh are not only a source of cheap protein for coastal communities: they also provide jobs and source of export earnings for Indonesia. The sedentary nature of many reef fi sh makes them easier to catch therefore this type of fi shing is relatively cheaper than other types of fi shing.
In the beginning, exploitation of reef fish was intended primarily to fulfi l local consumption. However, with increasing demand for live reef fi sh for food (LRFF) in Asian restaurants, especially in Hong Kong, the exploitation of live reef fish has became a global concern (Lau and Parry-Jones, 1999, Petersen et al., 2004).
Indonesia has been one of the major exporting countries of live fi sh since 1993; and it is predicted that the country will continue to play a major role in supplying the product to the international market in the years to come. The international trade of reef fi sh from Indonesia is mostly concentrated on some species of groupers (Serranidae, especially Cromileptes altivelis and species of Plectropomus and Epinephelus) and Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulates),
with recorded prices ranging from US$2 to US$35 per kg. Some overseas customers are often willing to pay up to hundreds of dollars per kg (Mous et al., 2000). With such a wide range in price, the Indonesian LRFF trade has been a lucrative business for Indonesian fi shers with the result of increasing of fi sh production from Indonesian waters.
During the last decade, the production of Indonesian live reef fish, especially wild caught groupers, has shown a signifi cant increase (Figure 1). In 1990, the production of wild caught groupers was estimated to be 16 000 metric tonnes. In the year 2000, production had increased to 48 500 metric tonnes which is a three-fold increase (Pet-Soede et al., 2004). The major contributors of the capture of wild caught groupers are Sumatera (also known as Sumatra) (38%) and Sulawesi (22%). Even though there are no quantifi able data on the production of farmedgroupers, there is a strong indication that production of these fish has also been increasing slightly (Pet-Soede et al., 2004)
In the beginning, exploitation of reef fish was intended primarily to fulfi l local consumption. However, with increasing demand for live reef fi sh for food (LRFF) in Asian restaurants, especially in Hong Kong, the exploitation of live reef fish has became a global concern (Lau and Parry-Jones, 1999, Petersen et al., 2004).
Indonesia has been one of the major exporting countries of live fi sh since 1993; and it is predicted that the country will continue to play a major role in supplying the product to the international market in the years to come. The international trade of reef fi sh from Indonesia is mostly concentrated on some species of groupers (Serranidae, especially Cromileptes altivelis and species of Plectropomus and Epinephelus) and Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulates),
with recorded prices ranging from US$2 to US$35 per kg. Some overseas customers are often willing to pay up to hundreds of dollars per kg (Mous et al., 2000). With such a wide range in price, the Indonesian LRFF trade has been a lucrative business for Indonesian fi shers with the result of increasing of fi sh production from Indonesian waters.
During the last decade, the production of Indonesian live reef fish, especially wild caught groupers, has shown a signifi cant increase (Figure 1). In 1990, the production of wild caught groupers was estimated to be 16 000 metric tonnes. In the year 2000, production had increased to 48 500 metric tonnes which is a three-fold increase (Pet-Soede et al., 2004). The major contributors of the capture of wild caught groupers are Sumatera (also known as Sumatra) (38%) and Sulawesi (22%). Even though there are no quantifi able data on the production of farmedgroupers, there is a strong indication that production of these fish has also been increasing slightly (Pet-Soede et al., 2004)
indonesian fish production
Pakar Iklan indonesian fish production ; In Indonesia, However, demand for more fishes and its derivative products continues to increase in conditions of heavily depleted of fish stocks and resources to keep pace with exploding population. Similarly, the growing fish consumption in Indonesian which increases from 22.4 kilograms to almost kilograms kg annually in 2006, is facing the stagnant of capture fisheries production – as many fish stocks are fully exploited or overexploited.
There are several considerable challenges to fulfill these growing fish demands such as (i) low growth and productivity;
(ii) environmental degradation and pollution;
(iii) lack and inaccessibility of credit for poor or small-scale fish farmers;
(iv) high costs of imported production inputs;
(v) absence of social preparation, inefficient extension services, and lack of post-production facilities and marketing infrastructure; and
(v) conflicts in water usage.
Failures to manage these challenges will risk the enhancement of fish production and its competitiveness. It then potentially harms the future of fish supply which leads to the distraction to food security.
The above conditions call for applicable solutions. It also remains the question of how to formulate research based policies on marine and fisheries development by enhancing fisheries production and competitiveness through sustainable and responsible fisheries practices. To foster discussion, information exchange, and communication on fisheries production enhancement and its competitiveness, Research Center for Marine and Fisheries Socioeconomics (RCMFSE), Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) and Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Hasanuddin University organize the International Seminar on Indonesian Fisheries Development: Enhancing Fish Production and Competitiveness in International Market.
There are several considerable challenges to fulfill these growing fish demands such as (i) low growth and productivity;
(ii) environmental degradation and pollution;
(iii) lack and inaccessibility of credit for poor or small-scale fish farmers;
(iv) high costs of imported production inputs;
(v) absence of social preparation, inefficient extension services, and lack of post-production facilities and marketing infrastructure; and
(v) conflicts in water usage.
Failures to manage these challenges will risk the enhancement of fish production and its competitiveness. It then potentially harms the future of fish supply which leads to the distraction to food security.
The above conditions call for applicable solutions. It also remains the question of how to formulate research based policies on marine and fisheries development by enhancing fisheries production and competitiveness through sustainable and responsible fisheries practices. To foster discussion, information exchange, and communication on fisheries production enhancement and its competitiveness, Research Center for Marine and Fisheries Socioeconomics (RCMFSE), Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) and Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Hasanuddin University organize the International Seminar on Indonesian Fisheries Development: Enhancing Fish Production and Competitiveness in International Market.
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